male and female flowers occur on separate plants. Ornithophily (Gk. The mature anthers break at the base, mount to the surface of water and dehisce there. Humming bird pollinates while hovering over the flowers and sucking nectar. Notes Specific gravity of pollen grains is equal to that of water, so they float on water. Calyx and corolla are either reduced or absent. Entomophilous flowers produce a small amount of pollen which has a spinous and sticky exine due to presence of pollenkitt. Pollination in Vallisneria spiralis: It is a dioecious, submerged and rooted hydrophyte. eph/epihydrophily. e.g., Vallisneria (Ribbon weed). Nectar and odor are absent. When flowers are unisexual, male flowers are more abundant than female flowers. 1. | vallisneria. All the flowers pollinated by insects are brightly coloured, have a sweet smell and produce nectar. A remarkable array of pollination systems has been attributed to Callitriche (Philbrick and Anderson, 1992): anemophily, epihydrophily, and hy-pohydrophily. The flowers show following contrivances : (v) Self sterility or Incompatibility : When pollen grain of an anther do not germinate on the stigma of the same flower, then such flower is called self sterile or incompatible and this condition of flower is called self sterility, intraspecific incompatibility or self incompatibility. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In certain plants, they are produced above the foliage before the appearance of new leaves. water is a regular mode of transport for the male gametes among the lower plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes. Pollination is defined as the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same flower or of different flower of the same species. Some taxa have been reported as being plants that pollinate at or just above the water surface (epihydrophily): Zostera marina (Cox et al. (iv)  Pollen grains are small, light, dry, dusty and sometimes winged (or saccate) so that they are easily blown away to long distances (upto 1300 km). The usual agents are wind, animals and water. Vallisneria is dioecious. The birds visit a large variety of flowers such as Bombax (Red Silk Cotton), Erythrina (Coral Tree), Callistemon (Bottle Brush), Bignonia, Agave, ete. Transfer of pollen grains shed from anther to stigma of a pistil is called pollination.Flowering plants have evolved an amazing array of adaptations to achieve pollination.Plants can be pollinated by 3 kinds. | The important pollinating insects are bees, butterflies, moths, wasps, bettles etc. The members of Hydrocharitaceae almost pollinate by hydrophily only. e.g.Vallisneria (Ribbon weed). They have the same specific gravity as that of water. Accordingly, the types of pollination are anemophily or anemogamy (anemos==wind), zoophily or zoidiophily or zoogamy or zoidiogamy and hydrophily … The flowers are well exposed in the air. It is a very rare type of pollination, even in aquatic plants. In these flowers cross pollination is the only means for fertilization and production of seeds. iii) The flowers produce abundant watery nectar. Videos | It is of 2 types-EPIHYDROPHILY-Surface pollination is more frequent and appears to be a transitional phase between wind pollination and true hydrophily. It is described as epihydrophily. zostera, ceratophyllum. a. Epihydrophily: Pollination occurs at the water level. Solved Papers It is also called Xenogamy. Nectar and odor are absent. Eg:Lemma,Zostera,Vallisneria TYPES OF HYDROPHILY: a)HYPOHYDROPHILY: It occurs below the surface of water. Anthers and stigmas are commonly inserted. Hypohydrophily :Plants which are pollinated inside the water e.g.Zostera, Ceratophyllum, Najas, etc. iv)    Variations caused due to cross pollination may result in production of disease resistant plants. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. A mixed mode of submarine and surface hydrophilous pollination occurs in the seagrass Zostera marina L. POLLINATION Two types of pollination Self-pollination Cross-pollination 4. New and healthier varieties are not formed. eg.. The process of transfer of pollen grains, from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or of different flower. Contrivances for cross pollination : Nature favours cross  pollination. The second one is abiotic agent like wind and water. 403). Hypohydrophily has also been reported in the mono-generic Callitrichaceae. Anthers are usually versatile. Epihydrophily is uncommon in angiosperms. hypohydrophilly (3) zostera, najas, ceratophyllum. insect pollinated aquatic plants (4) lotus, alisma, lily, water hyacinth. The birds visit a large variety of flowers such as Bombax (red silk cotton), Erythrina (Coral tree), Callistemon (Bottle brush), Bignonia, Agave, etc. In many aquatic plants with emergent flowers, pollination occurs by wind or insects, e.g., Lotus, Water Lily, Water Hyacinth. In these the pollen floats on the surface and reaches the stigmas of the female flowers as in Hydrilla, Callitriche, Ruppia, Zostera, Elodea. The flowers they visit are large, dull-coloured and have a strong scent. Epihydrophily : Plants which are pollinated outside the water. …unusual in that they have underwater pollination. Hydrophily occurs only in some 30 genera of mostly monocots e.g., Vallisneria, Zostera, Ceratophyllum, etc. Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves, Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting, Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation, Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy, Development of male and female gametophyte, Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis, Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization. fly pollinated - rotten meat smell. The male wasps pollinate the flowers mistaking them as female (pseudocopulation). Sexual reproduction of Zostera marina L. has been observed in vitro. A mixed mode of submarine and surface hydrophilous pollination occurs in the seagrass Zostera marina L. | Whenever they reach the stigma, they oil about it and germinate. This process is known as Hydrophily. The lower lip provides platform for the visiting insect and the upper lip is just like a hood which protects the floral organs. Amazing Facts Both the parts of anther are separated apart due to elongation of connective. Stigma is long, sticky but wettable. The anther has two parts - one half is sterile and another half is fertile. Epihydrophily : Pollination occurs on the surface of water. In bisexual flowers, the stamens are generally numerous. All aquatic plants are not hydrophilous some are anemophilous e.g., Potamogeton, Myriophyllum or Entomophilous e.g., Alisma, Lotus. Pollen grains are light and non-wettable due to presence of mucilage cover. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and also helps in pollination. Pollen grains are small, light, dry, dusty and sometimes winged (or saccate) so that they are easily blown away to long distances (upto 1300 km). Zoophily. Flowers are small colourless, inconspicuous, odourless and nectarless. 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