Large star came near the sun. Assumptions 1. the Earth's surface, but the study of the ocean floors, and the interior of the Earth. Prehistory & the Story of Earth; Geography, Universe, Solar System and Earth. Thus, the matter of this disc became building material for the formation of future planets. The chemistry of meteorites and Sun provide constraints on the composition of the bulk of the Earth. Nebular Hypothesis; Planetesimal Hypothesis; Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis; Binary Star Hypothesis; Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis; Nabular Hypothesis. Where D is the distance of planets from the sun in astronomical unit and n is a coefficient, the value of which for each planet is constant e.g. The ‘supernova hypothesis’ of F.Hoyle helps us in solving 3 basic problems of the origin of the earth and the solar system raised by the critics since the time of the postulation of ‘tidal hypothesis’ of James Jeans viz. Planets were believed to be formed out of a cloud like material associated with Sun. The irregularity of the rings caused the develop­ment of the cores (knots) for the formation of the corresponding planets. Prohibited Content 3. Gases being less in volume were more destabilized and less system­atically arranged while the dust particles being more in amount and quantity were more stabilized and system­atically arranged. Thus, nine planets were formed from nine rings and the remaining central nucleus of the nebula became the sun. According to the ‘interstellar dust hypothesis’ our sun during its ‘galac­tic revolution’ captured the dark matter of the uni­verse. Thus, the above equation can also be expressed in the following manner Angular velocity α 1/radius (or size). is merely a fantasy. In fact, according to Kant there was a primeval, slowly rotating cloud of gas (now called a nebula) and matter comprised of very cold, solid and motionless particles. In the beginning his hypothesis acclaimed world-wide ap­preciation but later on it was disproved as it was based on erroneous concepts and wrong application of Newtonian laws of gravitation. Gradually it cooled and contracted and its speed increased. Various scientists and philosophers have pro­pounded from time to time their concepts, hypotheses and theories to unravel the mystery and to solve the riddle of the problems of the origin and evolution of our solar system in general and of the earth in particular but none of these could be accepted by majority of the scientific community. Modern theory of planetary origins also explicitly rejects any idea that our solar system is unique or special, thus ruling out catastrophe theories. Binary theories Earth is part of the solar system. Origin of the Universe - The Big Bang Theory An astonishing observation was made in the late 1920's. Thus, he solved the problem of heat of the nebula through this assumption. Binary Star Hypothesis – Russell Propounded in 1937. It may be pointed out that energy, which is emitted by any star in the form of light, heat, etc., is generated by the process known as ‘nuclear fusion’ wherein atoms of lighter elements combine under intense heat and pressure to form atoms of heavier elements, releasing vast amount of energy. According to dynamical theory the ring may break up into several parts and thus several planets may be formed due to condensation of small parts. By the repetition of the same process a system of concentric rings (nine) were separated from the nebula. While religions have relied on creation stories to explain how life on Earth began, scientists have tried to hypothesize possible ways that inorganic molecules (the building blocks of life) joined together to form living cells.There are several hypotheses about how life started on Earth that are still being studied today. Perhaps life didn’t start on Earth at all. It may be pointed out that since the lighter matters were pushed towards the margins of the disc (as explained above) and heavy matters were pushed towards the inner bands of the disc, the planets formed in the inner bands of the disc were also of higher density than the planets of the outer bands of the disc. In 1796, a mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace reexamined it. Particles began to collide against each other under their mutual gravitational attractions. The gaseous matter coming out due to violent explosion of the companion supernova star changed into a circular moving disc which started revolving around the primitive sun. The same type of nuclear fusion was also going on in Hoyle’s primitive sun and the companion star but the rate of nuclear fusion was many times greater in the core of the companion star than the primitive sun. Content Guidelines 2. Gaseous Tidal Theory . This separated ring of material started moving around the nebula. Thus, under the combined impact of these three types of motions each and every particle of dark matter of the universe started redistributing itself on the basis of mass, density, dimension and the existing amount of cen­trifugal force (generated due to the revolution of matter around the sun) tending to push the particles away from the sun and the centripetal force (generated due to gravitational pull of the sun) tending to push the particles towards the sun. Scientific Theories of the Origin of the Earth. However, the importance of Kant’s hypothesis lies in the fact that it was first scientific attempt for the explanation of the origin of the earth. When the giant approach­ing star came nearest to the companion star, large amount of matter was ejected from the companion star due to maximum gravitational force exerted by the giant approaching star. Nebula – It is a primordial (primitive) amorphous (without shape) mass of cloud of gas and dust. Wild New Theory on Lunar History. He assumed that supernaturally created primordial hard matter was scattered in the universe. Terms of Service 7. It may be pointed out that the hypothesis based on dualistic concept failed to explain the high amount of angular momentum of the planets of present solar system, high atomic weight of the constituent elements of the planets of inner circle and lighter atomic weight of the planets of outer circle of the solar system and the distances of different planets from the sun. To remove the shortcomings of tidal hypothesis of sir James Jeans. This is called chemical evolution which cannot occur under present environmental conditions upon earth. (3) The collision among the parti­cles of the primordial matter can never generate rota­tory motion in it. Nebula was large cloud of gas and dust. Thus, reduction in the size and volume of the nebula increased the circular velocity (rotatory motion) of the nebula. Class 11 – Chapter 2 – Origin and Evolution of Earth. According to this hypothesis, the planets were moulded out of a cloud of material associated with a young Sun, which was rotating slowly. SIGN UP LEARN. This was the reason that cold matter was initially motionless (according to the molecular theory of matter). Otto Schimidt, a Russian scientist, proposed his ‘Inter-Stellar Dust Hypothesis’ in 1943 to explain the complex problems of the origin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth. It is not known how this early life form evolved, but scientists think it was a natural process which happened about 3,900 million years ago. Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher, pre­sented his treatise entitled ‘The General Natural His­tory and Theory of the Heaven or the Essay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Uni­verse on the Basis of Newtonian Laws’ in 1755. In other words, all the matters of each ring were aggregated at a point to form a core or a knot which ultimately grew as a planet in due course of time. ... centrifugal force of a rapidly spinning early Earth. All the views and concepts pertaining to the origin of the earth may be divided into two groups e.g. Why not more or less rings? What is a Ground Source Heat Pump? Angular momentum is the prod­uct of the mass, angular velocity and the square of the radius of the rotating body. Gradual cooling caused gradual contraction in the size of the nebula. It may be pointed out that Laplace propounded his hypothesis without mathematical formulation. Image Guidelines 4. The violent explosion of the companion star (now supernova) resulted into the spread of enormous mass of dust which started revolving around the primi­tive sun. Thus, the nebula started spinning at very fast speed and consequently the centrifugal force became so great that it exceeded the centripetal force. As the giant approaching star came nearer to the companion star, the gravitational and tidal force con­tinued to increase and hence the bulge on the outer surface of the companion star started growing towards the giant approaching star. German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace; Earth, planets and sun originated from Nebula. (iii) The angular momentum of dark matter of the disc. The theory failed to explain how the planetesimals had become one planet . The angular momentum could not be produced by the passing star. Two-dimensional calculations of the gravitational infall of rotating gas clouds by several authors now indicate that stars are formed in groups or clusters rather than as single entities. With the passage of time all of the hydrogen nuclei of the companion star were consumed in the process of nu­clear reaction and it collapsed (in modern and cosmogonic language) and violently exploded. Russel As per the … Content Filtration 6. Although it is the most studied planet, it cannot be completely understood in isolation. Mercury ∞ Venus o, Earth 1, Mars 2 etc. The theory failed to explain how the planetesimals had become one planet, Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925. According to this hypothesis, the planets were moulded out of a cloud of material associated with a young Sun, which was rotating slowly. Panspermia. Hoyle and Lyttleton: The planets of the solar system have an originated from the expanding gases obtained from the explosion of a supernova. Plagiarism Prevention 5. AstronomyAstronomy is a natural science that study of celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth… It broke into pieces-forming nine planets of the solar system. In fact, many scientists have dedicated their entire lives to finding out how life came to be on Earth. The intense heat of the sun dispersed the gase­ous particles towards the margins of the disc (except oxygen which combines with iron chemically). With continuous rise in temperature and rate of rotatory motion the nebula started expanding in size. LENGTH: 1:01:57. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher gave this theory. Later the ring cooled and took form of a planet, On repetition of the process all other planets came into being, Sun should have the greatest angular momentum because of its mass and situated in the center, however, it has only two percent of momentum of the solar system, How the hot gaseous material condensed in to rings, Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904, The sun existed before the formation of planets, Because of the gravitation pull of the star, small gaseous bodies were separated from the sun, These bodies on cooing became small planet's, During rotation the small planets collided and form planets. Account Disable 11. 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